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Statistics and Probability Symbols

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*Note: though the symbols below are commonly used, representations may vary. Please consult your text or other class materials for guidance.

Description Symbol
Summation (this symbol is telling you to add) Ξ£ (β€œsigma,” capitalized)
Null hypothesis 𝐻0
Alternative hypothesis π»π‘Ž or 𝐻1
Significance Level 𝛼 (β€œalpha”)
Z critical value 𝑍𝛼 or 𝑍𝛼/2
T critical value 𝑑𝛼 or 𝑑𝛼/2
Chi-squared πœ’2
Coefficient of determination 𝑅2
Less than <
Less than or equal to ≀
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to β‰₯
Not equal to β‰ 
Approximately equals β‰ˆ
Predicted y value 𝑦̂ (β€œy-hat”)
Slope of a linear equation π‘š
y-intercept of a linear equation 𝑏
Slope of a prediction equation 𝛽1 (β€œbeta 1”)
y-intercept of a prediction equation 𝛽0 (β€œbeta 0”)
Quartile 1 Q1
Quartile 3 Q3
   Sample Statistic  Population  Parameter
Median 𝑀 or Med None
Size (the number of members in your sample or population) 𝑛 𝑁
Mean (AKA average) π‘₯Μ… (β€œx-bar”) πœ‡ (β€œmu”)
Standard deviation (SD or s.d.) 𝑠 𝜎 (β€œsigma”)
Proportion 𝑝̂ (β€œp-hat”) 𝑝
Correlation coefficient π‘Ÿ 𝜌 (β€œrho”)

Probability Symbols

Sample space 𝑆
Event 𝐸 (often written as 𝐹 as well)
Probability of event E 𝑃(𝐸)
Union βˆͺ
Intersection ∩
Empty Set βˆ…
Complement 𝐸′ or 𝐸𝐢
Conditional Probability 𝑃(𝐸|𝐹)(β€œProbability of event E given event F”)
Factorial !
Combination π‘›πΆπ‘Ÿ
Permutation π‘›π‘ƒπ‘Ÿ

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